examination of every witness on the accused’s behalf: its essential aim, as is indicated by the words ‘under the same conditions’, is a full ‘equality of arms’ in the matter” (see, among other authorities, Engel

Where the defendant wants a witness to be questioned he must support his request by explaining why it was important for the witnesses concerned to be heard (see Engel and Others v. the Netherlands , 8

examination of every witness on the accused’s behalf: its essential aim, as is indicated by the words “under the same conditions”, is a full “equality of arms” in the matter” (see, among other authorities, Engel

purposes of the Convention there can be no “conviction” unless it has been established in accordance with the law that there has been an offence – a criminal or, if appropriate, a disciplinary offence (see Engel

    In the Court’s case-law, the autonomous interpretation adopted by the Convention institutions of the notion of a “criminal charge” under the so-called Engel criteria has led to a gradual

not to be tried or punished twice • Inapplicability in case of deprivation of French nationality on account of previous conviction for terrorist offence • Measure not representing a criminal sanction (Engel

    In so far as Article 4 § 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention is concerned, the Court has previously considered, in view of the so-called Engel criteria, that proceedings relating to charges

to the competent national authorities to decide upon the relevance of proposed evidence, in so far as this is compatible with the concept of a fair trial, which dominates the whole of Article 6 (see Engel

  Greece , no. 28524/95 , §§ 67-68 and 74, ECHR   2001–III; and Engel v.   Hungary , no. 46857/06 , § 26, 20 May 2010). 74.

rely on his cellmates for assistance with using the toilet, bathing and getting dressed or undressed contributed to its finding that the conditions of detention amounted to degrading treatment (see Engel

    The starting point for the assessment of the applicability of the criminal aspect of Article 6 of the Convention to the present proceedings is the criteria outlined in Engel and Others v.

classification of the proceedings in domestic law, their essential nature, and the degree and severity of the potential penalty (see, among many other authorities on the concept of a “criminal charge”, Engel

, Series A no. 311) and only a narrow interpretation of those exceptions is consistent with the aim of that provision, namely to ensure that no one is arbitrarily deprived of his or her liberty (see Engel

proceedings in issue did not relate to a "criminal charge" as the tax surcharges imposed on Mr Bendenoun bore all the hallmarks of an administrative penalty within the meaning of the Court’s case-law (see the Engel

der DKP, 2nd edition, 1981) showed that the party, which aimed to establish a regime similar to that existing in the communist countries around 1980, continued to be guided by the principles of Marx, Engels

Italy , 6 November 1980, §§ 92-93, Series A no. 39, and Engel and Others v. the Netherlands , 8 June 1976, § 59, Series A no. 22), in the situation complained of the restriction the applicant’s freedom

However, once an accused is found guilty, in principle, it ceases to apply in respect of any allegations made within the subsequent sentencing procedure (see Engel and Others v. the Netherlands , 8 June

the autonomous meaning of Article 6 §   1, because they do not meet – neither alternatively, nor cumulatively – the criteria set out in the Court’s established case-law, commonly known as the “ Engel

    While domestic law used the word “detention” in respect of the applicants’ stay in the centres, the terminology used should not be decisive for the Court (citing Engel and Others v. the Netherlands