Religious education shall be proposed systematically by [education] centres and shall be voluntary in nature for the pupils.” G.

France - 31645/04 Judgment 4.12.2008 [Section V] Article 9 Article 9-1 Manifest religion or belief Expulsion of female pupils from State school for refusing to remove headscarves during physical education

France - 27058/05 Judgment 4.12.2008 [Section V] Article 9 Article 9-1 Manifest religion or belief Expulsion of female pupils from State school for refusing to remove headscarves during physical education

This could be encouraging for religious pupils, but also disturbing for pupils who practised other religions or were atheists, particularly if they belonged to religious minorities.

Norway [GC] - 15472/02 Judgment 29.6.2007 [GC] Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 Right to education Refusal to grant full exemption from instruction in Christianity, religion and philosophy in State primary

education in Iran, for preaching in a mosque.

Vu, enregistré au secrétariat du contentieux du Conseil d'Etat le 22 juin 1995, le recours présenté par le MINISTRE DE L'EDUCATION NATIONALE tendant à ce que le Conseil d'Etat : 1°) annule le jugement

Right to freedom of religion excludes any discretion on part the State to determine whether religious beliefs or means used to express such beliefs are legitimate.

  En février 2001, le requérant demanda à la direction départementale de l’Education nationale de dispenser sa fille de suivre le cours de culture religieuse et connaissance morale.

It implies an acknowledgement of religious pluralism and State neutrality towards religions.

   Toute personne a droit à la liberté de pensée, de conscience et de religion; ce droit implique la liberté de changer de religion ou de conviction, ainsi que la liberté de manifester sa religion

in such schools did not amount to education and that alleged breaches of the sanitary rules could not justify dissolving a religious organisation.

It stated that the obligatory attendance of religious services was not equivalent to commitment to the religion concerned, and pointed out that it had remained unclear what the applicant’s actual religious

need for appropriate options for the children of parents who have a religious or philosophical conviction other than that of Sunni Islam to opt out of compulsory religious education, without pupils’ parents

her education in conformity with their religious convictions.

They rely on Article   9 (freedom of conscience and religion), Article   2 of Protocol No. 1 (right to education), Article 8 (right to respect for private life) and Article 14 (prohibition of

and moral beliefs and the religious education they provided to their children.

Par un courrier du 15 juillet 2005, la direction d’enseignement religieux auprès du ministère de l’Education nationale répondit aux requérants.

It had held that the role of state-school teachers as representatives of both the education authorities and the State required them to tolerate proportionate restrictions on their freedom of religion.